What concept addresses threats to data being modified without authorization?

The concept that specifically addresses threats to data being modified without authorization is integrity. Integrity in the context of information security refers to the accuracy and consistency of data over its entire lifecycle. It ensures that data remains unaltered and reliable unless modified by authorized individuals or processes. This encompasses protection against unauthorized modifications, whether intentional (such as a cyber attack) or unintentional (such as data corruption).

When discussing threats to data integrity, considerations include mechanisms like encryption, hashing, and checksums, which are employed to verify that data remains unaltered during transmission and storage. It's essential for ensuring that the information presented to users is correct and not tampered with, which is vital for decision-making processes and maintaining trust in information systems.

The other concepts listed, such as availability and confidentiality, focus on different aspects of information security. Availability pertains to ensuring that data and resources are accessible when needed, while confidentiality protects information from being accessed by unauthorized parties. Security, as a broad term, encompasses all aspects of protecting data, but the specific focus on unauthorized modifications is intrinsically linked to the integrity of data.